U.s. Federal Campaign Finance Reform Proposal - 1630 Words

One main issue raised by presidential hopefuls revolves around campaign money received by candidates, donated by multi-million dollar corporations. Although it remains illegal for these corporations to directly donate large sums of money to political campaigns and political parties, the fear that political and judicial figures in the American political systems are being bought out by these affluent corporations still worries an inordinate amount of people in the United States. In 2009, the Supreme Court ruled in Citizens United v. FEC whether these wealthy companies had the constitutional right to air advertisements they paid for using company expenditures. Similar to Supreme Court cases within the past half-century, the case suggests that†¦show more content†¦However, it is not money they seek; rather favors and special privileges earned by donating the supplies and monetary funds necessary for the candidate to win. Albeit to some, these favors may be menial, but to others, it could mean permission to adjourn laws that may pertain to them. A corporation, for instance, may have inspectors and officials turn a blind eye to human and workers’ rights violations. Likewise, similar campaign finance proposals began to start limiting the regulation of campaign financing, however, the next notable campaign act Congress enacted did not happen until the latter portion of the 20th century. Before 1971, political figures still had leeway in the financing of their campaigns. However, Congress tightened down on campaign financing, and began to restrict the permissible activities candidates could expedite in, beginning in 1971. The first component of the bill demanded that all candidates running to fully disclose their full campaign finance report (Appendix 4). Before this, candidates could, for the most part, receive and spend contributed campaign money any way they seemed fit for the success of their campaigns, though previous acts had heightened the stipulations of this money. Furthermore, this act enacted restrictions on the permissible amounts of money candidates could spend on advertisements (appendix 4). Although advertisements had not

Gender inequality in Iran - 2299 Words

09147 The Question of Gender, the Question of Equality ! Gender inequality has been a constant facet of Iranian society for many years, as an Islamic state, the role and treatment of women is based on interpretation of Islamic law (Sharia). The change derived from the downfall of the Pahlavi regime and subsequent Iranian revolution of 1979 dramatically effected the nature and extent of the rights and quality of life experienced by Iranian women. The reign of Pahlavi as Shah saw womens rights reach new capabilities - for example in 1963, regardless to objections by religious clerics women were granted the capability to vote and run for parliament . While these laws saw great improvements in gender equality, they did not 1 guarantee its†¦show more content†¦If a woman files for divorce without evidence, any financial rights are automatically forfeited, for this to be possible the husband is also required to concede to the divorce . Protection from violence is another example 9 of ge nder discrimination in Iran, no laws exist prohibiting domestic violence, rape is classed as a criminal act and results in harsh penalties, however, the act must be witnessed by four male witnesses, or three male and two female, along with this martial rape is not recognised under Iranian law. Furthermore, honour killings do occur, and the penal code allows a man to murder his wife in the instance of adultery . The distinction in laws in regards to gender is a clear demonstration of 10 the vast extend of inequality in Iran, the fact that such laws are a product of government and institutional power results in gender inequality becoming common across many facets of Iranian life, and the creation of cultural predispositions that can lead some to believe women are inferior to men. The government influence and contribution to this issue, primarily through the induction of legal trends suggests the nature of gender inequality is ingrained into the fabric of Iranian life, that it is a soc ially constructed concept derived from Islamic ideology which is widely practiced and acts as a cultural distinction for Iran, as evident through Iran historically being a primarily patriarchal society. ! Differentiation in access toShow MoreRelatedPersepolis And The Kite Runner853 Words   |  4 PagesPersepolis through the eyes and journey of Marjane (Marji). One example of the social reality of Iran that Persepolis presents to readers is women’s mode of dress. In the beginning of the novel, Marji states, â€Å"Then came 1980: the year it became obligatory to wear the veil at school† (1.4). At this time, Marji is only ten years old, yet she still resists the veil and somewhat realizes the gender inequalities present in her reality. Although both boys’ and girls’ clothes change within their separateRead MoreGender Relations During The Iranian Revolution1664 Words   |  7 Pages The subject of gender relations in Iran has been a contentious social i ssue and has become more controversial since the Iranian Revolution of 1979. Mainstream news outlets such as CNN and BBC have reported that the â€Å"Islamization† that followed the Islamic Republic has led to a reversal of women’s rights in Iran (Nia 2010; BBC 2009). The policies pursued by the Islamic Republic have, however, â€Å"facilitated education, mobilization, and participation† for many women within the context of the countryRead MoreThe Complete Persepolis By Marjane Satrapi1552 Words   |  7 PagesPersepolis by Marjane Satrapi the idea of inequality is introduced through several examples. Marjane Satrapi uses the title to comment on inequality in all aspects of Marjane’s life, including gender, religious, economic, and racial status. Although there are several forms of inequality that the title attempts to highlight within the story, it focuses primarily on the issues of gender inequality by comparing the issues that Marjane faces due to he r gender and comparing it to issues faced by womenRead MoreAnalysis Of Persepolis And The Kite Runner 1023 Words   |  5 PagesErica Spry Professor Moore ENG 209 November 25, 2014 How Two Bildungsromans Challenge Gender Roles in Society In both Persepolis and The Kite Runner, readers are presented with two main characters in search for their own self-realization. According to Lukà ¡cs’s theory, â€Å"the self-realization of the individual ultimately sheds some light also on ‘social reality’† (22). Ultimately, readers are able to gain insight to the social realities of the characters’ nation states in both novels. PersepolisRead MoreGender Roles And Opportunities For The Persian Women1338 Words   |  6 Pageswomen wear to disguise their figures. 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Women’s organizations produced scholarlyRead MoreGender Inequality : What s The Right Thing?1283 Words   |  6 PagesRobyn Mendoza Ms. Bergen English 10- 2 26 April 2013 Gender Inequality Gender inequality is an on going topic in society today. Women continue to struggle in finding equality next to men. Women should have the exact same rights as men, no matter what the differences are between the two genders. In the book Justice: What s the Right Thing to Do, Aristotle’s theory of justice is â€Å"giving people what they deserve† (Sandel 9). Women should not be restricted or constrained from anything that menRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Marjane Satrapi1110 Words   |  5 Pagessubordination. Even as global societies grow more progressive, there are still parts of the world where women are stripped of their basic human rights, forcing women to fight for equality. Marjane Satrapi, author of Persepolis, depicts the political turmoil in Iran by including the degrading rights of women. In places where Islamic extremism exists, the strict fundamentalism affect the rights and societal views of women (Bobic et al., 4-8). Khaled Hosseini, author of The Kite R unner, tells the story of a PashtunRead MoreThe Religious Views Of Women s Right1019 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Women’s right is a controversial and sensitive topic in today’s society. Gender inequality has been a great issue for decades and is closely related to the harmony of the society as well as the development of human civilization. Religion, as one of the most significant products of human civilization, is extraordinary influential in guiding people’s beliefs and thoughts. Therefore, different religious views of women’s rights play big roles in building people’s conceptions. Among theRead MoreThe Issue Of Workplace Inequality1255 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many origins to the issue of workplace inequality. Across the world, women are getting paid less and less. The gender wage gap now stands at an average of 22 cents between genders. It is common knowledge that women were often not allowed to work in the past, and if they did they didn’t have the best jobs. With women increasing their education and work experience, it shouldn’t stil l be an issue. On average, a woman who goes to the same college, gets the same job, and has the same amount

The Portrayal Of Families Throughout Contemporary...

The Portrayal of Families in Contemporary Literature In sociology perspective, family is the basic social unit of society. It plays a variety of function as a governing body within a household. It is in-charge in shaping every single member of the smallest institution on proper values, morals and appearance, needed outside their respective homes. Often times, families are expressed through different aspects – by means of traditional and modernistic viewpoint. By convention, traditional families are often depicted with a male father, a female mother and their offspring, under a patriarchal government way of living; led by the father. In this stereotypical case, the father’s duty is to work and earn a living for his family while the mother’s main role is to be compliant to his spouse and most importantly, ensure the family’s needs are met and well-taken care of. On the other hand, modern-day media portrays the complete opposite of the basic institution. Thou gh the father and the mother still acquires the same duties, mothers can now partake in the workforce than the usual â€Å"stay-at-home† setup. Leadership Expert John Maxwell once said that â€Å"change is inevitable†, and thus to say, the family that everyone come to know about, changes just like everything around it. The typical family image has been reconstructed to suit the modern-day age, where the father and the mother does not have to be the gender that society associate them with. Instead, a male can stand as the maternalShow MoreRelatedManifestation of Latin-American Gender Roles in American Media1220 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Manifestation of Latin Gender Roles in American Media Objective The objective of this study is to examine the manifestation of Latin gender roles in American Media. Towards this end, this study will examine the literature in this area of inquiry. 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Many of these inequalities were displayed in early literature, such as Andromeda and the Sea Monster and â€Å"Rapunzel†, where women, dubbed Damsels in Distress, either made unintelligentRead MoreThe Evolution And Portrayals Of Family Sitcoms Essay1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe Evolution and Portrayals of Family Sitcoms Family sitcoms have been the most popular and positively influenced television shows watched since the 1900s to today. Many of these shows have consisted of African American, Caucasian, and Hispanic families who all play a role that we as watchers look up to or perceive as the right way to run our household. Over time there has been an addition to biracial shows and family role changes throughout these sitcoms. For example, now observing single parentRead MoreEpistolary Novels and Mimetic Devices1256 Words   |  5 Pagesthe story. I discuss how these mimetic devices contribute to the story. 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Financial Analysis Managing A Business - 1668 Words

Managing a business is a continual process of making various decisions. One of the most important decisions to facilitate accurate decision-making in the business is a financial analysis. The financial analysis of the business is an assessment of the efficiency of the company. It is useful not only for correct interpretation of the figures contained in the financial statements but also to make better use of resources and above all to improve results of operations to meet the needs of the market and the expectations of the owners. The financial analysis should make the decision making easier and ensure effective development companies in the future. The purpose of this work is to explain the essence of financial analysis and reporting as well as their importance in the decision making process affecting the company. Today I will be concentrating on Steiner’s Leisure Limited annual review. My work consists of two parts. In the first chapter I discuss the nature of financial decisi ons based on a company’s financial information. In the next chapter i will evaluate the financial performance of the business. Before I start the analyse of the Steiner Leisure Limited annual review analyse I would like to take the opportunity to answer two questions, which play a vital role in understanding of the topic i am writing about. The first question is what finance is? The dictionary says finance is â€Å"the management of large amounts of money, especially by governments or largeShow MoreRelatedThe Alcan Case Study1642 Words   |  7 PagesAlcan Case Analysis Executive Summary One of the most critical success factors for Alcan, the global leader in discrete and process metal production, selling and service-related businesses, is their supply chain. 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Comm Reflective Essay Free Essays

string(64) " the local market might be taken over by the foreign investors\." Section 1 My Learning Journey†¦ in COMM101: Principles of Responsible Commerce Initially, before I learn this course, I have always thought that a â€Å"responsible commerce† is only important to balance the economic cycle. In my initial essay regarding â€Å"responsible commerce†, I mentioned about child labor being one of the biggest issue of irresponsible commerce, I thought the reason of it being such a big issue was because it would affect the whole economical cycle. And I did not realize that responsible commerce would involve different kinds of principles of ethics and elements in business, Through this subject I have learned that ethical principles and standards in business define acceptable conduct in businesses which underpin how management makes decisions. We will write a custom essay sample on Comm Reflective Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Business ethics reflects the philosophy of business, one of whose aims is to determine the fundamental purposes of a company. However, behaving ethically is not quite the same thing as behaving lawfully, because ethics are about what is right and what is wrong; while law is about what is lawful and what is unlawful. What is unethical does not mean it is unlawful, for example, if a driver sees a car crash while he was driving, ethically, he should have stopped his car to see if there is any help that he could provide to the victim, but, still, it does not violate the law if he does not stop to help. It is the same in business. It would be ethical to take up partial responsibility to take care of the unfortunate after earning so much profit from the people; but not taking up the responsibility does not cause them to violate the law either. Another thing that I have learned about ethics is that there are different principles to define what is right or wrong. I would consider myself as a utilitarian because I have always thought that whether a matter is right or wrong depends on its consequence. If a person tells a lie, so that he would not hurt somebody’s feelings, he is ethically right. However, Kant’s theory is in contrast with utilitarianism. Kant’s theory judges a matter regardless of whether the consequence is good or bad, the action, for instance, lying is wrong, and then it is ethically wrong. In the commercial world, Kant’s theory gives organizations firm rules to follow in moral decision-makings. To Kantians, â€Å"morality must be based on the categorical imperative because morality is such that you are commanded by it, and is such that you cannot opt out of it or claim that it does not apply to you. † (California State University) Corporations use Kant’s categorical imperatives to command unconditionally on what is right for their employees to do and what is wrong to do. Kant’s theory had also taught me â€Å"humanity as an end, never as merely a means†, which means a person has his own inner worth and shall not be used by anyone for his or her benefits. (Shaw et. al. , 2009) But in my opinion, this principle is fairly difficult to obey because, in reality, everyone is using each other as a means to benefit himself in order to survive. For example, at a private college, a lecturer is hired to teach students who have paid tuition fees to the college. The college is using the lecturer as a means to generate income. On the other hand, lecturer is also using the college as a means to generate income for himself when he receives salary after teaching the students. This example has taught me that the application of ethical theories is not constant and evolves from time to time. Like corporate responsibilities, they, too, evolve from time to time. In 1962, Milton Friedman argued that ‘there is only one responsibility of business, which is to use its resources and engage in profitable activities as long as it stays within the rules of the game’. He emphasized that when a business is increasing profits, it is being socially responsible and it is believed to be an â€Å"invisible hand† to create more employment opportunities, new goods and services for customers, profits for shareholders, and economic growth. Nonetheless, according to Friedman, business managers who maximize profits are also acting moral responsibility because they have an obligation as employees to serve their employers bona fide in the best interest of the company. However, in 2010, a professor at Melbourne Business School, Doctor Geoff Lewis, claimed that Friedman’s view was outdated because the argument was set in the mid-nineties to preach against socialism. Lewis argued that in the twenty-first century, where most economy has been capitalized, it is not enough for a business to be solely responsible for increasing its profits. Lewis says that ‘forty years ago social responsibility may have been seen as an act of, as Friedman described it, â€Å"hypocritical window dressing† – but in today’s world we think in terms of sustainability and of business playing a central role in our market-driven society’. In addition, Niall FitzGerald (2010) also opposes with Friedman’s statement where being socially responsible is against the company’s best interest as it imposes costs on the shareholders, because being socially responsible does not conflict the profitability of a business. A major part of the commercial world today has already been capitalized so that corporations could enjoy free competition with each other, while consumers would have better choices of products. I believe that is what every one of us would think of. However, through learning COMM101, I have realized that capitalism is good, but a market shall not be over capitalized. Capitalism centered upon individual self-interest and competitiveness. (Shaw et. al. , 2009) Competition without regulations in the marketplace would lead to alienation of the weaker competitors in the market and, hence, breeds oligopolies in the market. This would not be a good thing to happen in the poorer countries, where the local corporations may not be as strong as the foreign ones, and would most probably be isolated by the consumers, while the local market might be taken over by the foreign investors. You read "Comm Reflective Essay" in category "Essay examples" In order to protect these local corporations, this is when the government should regulate the market by adding certain principles of socialism to encourage co-cooperativeness between foreign and local corporations. Another topic that I have learned in this course is globalization. Globalization has been promoted all around the world. Usually, globalization is seen as an irresistible and benign force for delivering economic prosperity to people throughout the world, the rich foreign investors and traders and people in poor countries. However, it is also blamed as a source of all contemporary ills. International Labour Organisation) I have always thought that globalization only affects individuals in the commercial world. However, the phenomenon of globalization brings an impact to the world not only in economics but also the culture and social welfare of the countries. At many times, people like me tend to be more concerned about the economic and political impacts of the globalization and overlooked its impact on cultural and social welfare. Some feel globalization entails a deterioration of moral standards; a decline of religious scruples; a cultural breakdown. Kilgour, 2000) No doubt what concerns us the most is the â€Å"cultural homogenization† that globalization could generate, challenging our community and our unique identity, culture and traditions. Some even feel that globalization will turn people into spiritless robots. (Kilgour, 2000) But the fact is spiritual activities and experiences are deeply personal, it is difficult to see how globalization would influence them one way or another. (Kilgour, 2000) Overall, my journey of learning this subject has been quite fruitful. It has helped me to learn the world better. I have also learned about what kind of ethics principles to use in order to regulate one’s morality in the commercial world, and it has helped me to develop a better mindset. Section 2 Case Study Lara Stone’s Calvin Klein Jeans ad banned in Australia for being ‘Suggestive of Violence and Rape’ During this semester, while I was doing my assignment for another course, I have come across this case that had attracted negative media attention. This case is about a Calvin Klein Jeans advertising campaign for its Fall 2010 Collection, starring supermodel–Lara Stone, posing with three male models in the controversial image. Not only the image was being criticized that it was demeaning to women, the advertising campaign had been banned in Australia after the country’s Advertising Standards Bureau decided that it was ‘suggestive of violence and rape’. (Abraham, 2010) Advertising is an important social phenomenon. Not only has it stimulated consumption, economic activity models, life-styles and a certain value orientation; Advertising acts as a mean for companies to achieve business objectives to sell goods or services. It provides a medium to deliver information to consumers, in a way that would maximize the effectiveness of the message. Once the advertising message has been delivered to the consumers, it is up to the individuals to interpret the message, based upon previous experiences and pre-existing beliefs that differ vastly between cultures. Nonetheless, advertising also mirrors the society, because elements in effective advertisements combine with the individual cultures and societies. (Next Step Marketing, 2012) The Calvin Klein Jeans case caught my attention because of its abuse of the element of sexuality in their ad campaign which caused objections from the audience. Tom Reichert, professor and head of the department of advertising and public relations in the UGA Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication claimed that advertisers use sex to promote the products because it can be very effective, because it attracts attention and people are hard wired to notice sexually relevant information. (Sorrow, 2012) Reichert said this upward trend in erotic ads is a reflection of society. Today, it takes more explicitness to grab our attention and arouse us than before. Back in the early 1900s, exposed arms and ankles of female models generated the same level of arousal as partially nude models do today. Sorrow, 2012) In Kant’s theory, using women, as sex objects in advertisements to directly appeal to person’s emotional core, the advertisement taps into the primal desire of human beings to have children. It bypasses the moral constraints, which the society has ingrained into its members, mirrored as one of Kant’s categorical imp eratives, that prohibits using people, in this case women, as a means to achieve an end. It is these two internal opposing forces that trouble people when they are confronted with such advertisement. In reality, the women in such advertisements are most probably treated fairly and not exploited, but the internal battle between our basic instincts and moral intuitions do not consider this. We struggle with the primal sexual desire, against our moral intuitions that we should treat women as human beings with equality of rights rather than viewing them as objects to satisfy some internal, primal lust. In the Calvin Klein Jeans advertisement, it is represented by the four men having the power to sexually manipulate the woman; while it is not true in reality. In society, this would represent a regression in the form of moral degradation if women are not treated with equality and are unfairly taken advantage of. The concept of the Calvin Klein Jeans advertising campaign have also gone against the Rawl’s Justice of Fairness, in which women, who were unfairly treated in the past, be given more compensation in society now. The act of portraying women as sex objects is an uncivilized act, and it harkens back to a time where social liberties and rights were not as developed as they are today. Nonetheless, the use of sex in advertising can also negatively affect children. It was discovered that children watch more than thirteen-hundred hours of television annually, which resulted in exposure to more than twenty-thousand of commercials. † When advertisers use sex in their ads as a technique to increase sales, it can become misleading to children that sex is associated with products, while sexual activities can be exposed to public, instead of sex with love, which is a very personal matter that should be kept behind the door. The use of sexuality may indirectly cause to increase sexual activity among the young, which would lead to more unwanted pregnancies, more STDs and more children with self-esteem issues over body images. (Centrella, et. Al. ) References 1. Abraham, Mail Online, Lara Stone’s Calvin Klein Jeans ad banned in Australia for being ‘suggestive of violence and rape’ (2010), ;http://www. dailymail. co. uk/femail/article-1322815/Lara-Stone-Calvin-Klein-Jeans-ad-banned-Australia-suggestive-rape. html? printingPage=true;, viewed 20 September 2012 2. California State University, Kantian Ethics lt;http://www. csus. edu/indiv/g/gaskilld/ethics/Kantian%20Ethics. htm; , viewed 27 October 2012 3. Centralla et al. , Are governments doing enough to prevent the global expansion of the sex industry? ;http://www. feministezine. com/feminist/international/Globalization-Sex-and-Profits. html; viewed 26 October 2012 4. FitzGerald KBE and Cormack, The Role of Business: An Agenda for Action (2010) ;http://www. hks. harvard. edu/m-rcbg/CSRI/publications/report_12_CGI%20Role%20of%20Business%20in%20Society%20Report%20FINAL%2010-03-06. df; viewed 20 September 2012 5. Kilgour, Spiritual and Ethical Impacts of Globalisation (2000), ;http://www. david-kilgour. com/secstate/spiritglobe. htm; viewed 23 October 2012 6. Lewis, The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Profits (2010) ;http://www. mbs. edu/go/centres-of-excellence/2010-debate/asia-pacific-centre-for-leadership-for-social-impact/news-and-links/net-impact/the-social-responsibility-of-business-is-to-increase-profits; viewed 20 September 2012 7. Next Step Marketing, Does Advertising shape society, or merely mirror societal trends? http://www. nextstepmarketing. com. au/articles/advertising/does-advertising-shape-or-mirror-society/ viewed 20 October 2012 8. Shaw, et al. , Moral Issues in Business, 1st Edition (Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd, 2009) 9. Sorrow, Magazine trends study finds increase in advertisements using sex (2012) ;http://news. uga. edu/releases/article/magazine-trends-study-finds-increase-in-advertisements-using-sex/; viewed 28 October 2012 How to cite Comm Reflective Essay, Essay examples

Business Model Innovation and Logistics

Question: Discuss about the Business Model Innovation and Logistics. Answer: Introduction: Toyota Motor Corporation is a Japanese automobile manufacturing company having its headquarter at Aichi, Japan. In the year 2014 Toyota consisted of the 338,875 employees globally and by the end of February 2016 Toyota was considered as one of the 13th largest company worldwide in terms of the revenue produced ahead of Volkswagen and General Motors. Toyota automobiles were established in the year 1933 as the division of Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, which was centrally focussed on the production of automobiles under the direction of Kiichiro Toyoda. Toyota presently operates through dealership sales channel. It is primarily focussed on the production and selling of luxury sedan such as Toyota corona, Toyopet Toyo Ace truck. Toyota Dyna, Toyota Coaster, Toyota corolla are some of the major products, which are produced by Toyota. The executive management of Toyota comprises of Christian Ruben, Ivo Ljubica who are the directors of the company. The board of directors of Toyota allocates accounts based on the location of the registered offices of its relevant offices and groups. Vision and Mission: The mission of Toyota is to provide safe journey to its customers. Toyota is focused on developing new technologies with the intention of saving energy and diversifying the energy sources. Toyota is working with the vision of creating a prosperous society and clean environment by promoting the production of battery cars (Cusumano 2013). Value chain analysis of Toyota: Value chain analysis can be defined as the analytical theory, which helps in identifying the business operation by creating value and competitive advantage for the firm. Inbound logistics of Toyota consist of two separate activities first being the transport of parts from the local suppliers to the manufacturing unit and the second part consist of international inbound logistics to ship its parts from Japan to North America and European plant. Localization of the production is one of the central strategy undertaken by Toyota and 75.4% of the non-domestic sales were produced outside the territories of Japan for the calendar of 2015 (Backer and Miroudot 2014). In addition to this, Toyota has perfectly crafted Just-In-Time systems of manufacturing in order to eliminate the need for inventory which helps in saving considerable amount of cost. Operations: Toyota automotive operations support the promotion of conscientious manufacturing throughout its operational functions. On the other hand, lean manufacturing technology helps in promoting competitive advantage. Figure 1: representing Toyota assembly plant (Source Kilger et al. 2015) Outbound logistics: Approximately Toyota has more than 175 distributors and 8900 dealers outside the territory of Japan. The company employs carriers, railroads and trucks to transmit its vehicles from the manufacturing plant to the dealers. Toyota employs numerous distribution strategies in US, Europe and Japan (Diabat et al. 2013). Distribution of vehicles produced in North America: Once out of plant vehicles are shipped into the marshalling yard where it is prepared for transportation to its distributors and dealers. Distribution of vehicles produced overseas: Large number of vehicles produced in Japan are transported in North America and are further transported to dealerships. However, Toyota value chain represents that the delivery time should vary from three weeks to five weeks to those ports where dealers are located close to its manufacturing unit (Christopher 2016). Marketing and sales: Toyota puts more of its focus on innovating product and promoting efficiency of brand through brand integration practices. Toyota marketing strategy makes the use of print and media advertising to promote sales. It also focuses on public relations and direct marketing techniques with the help of television advertising for effective marketing and sales. Services: Toyota operates according to the value of serving its customers first. This principle is reflected in all the business processes and operational procedures in company (Backer and Miroudot 2014). Figure 2: Diagrammatic representation of Toyotas value chain (Source Backer and Miroudot 2014) Planning process of Toyota: Toyota has adopted intensive business strategy in order to succeed on selected market to develop its business. Toyota adopts the strategy of continuous improvement in order to create an impact on the level of quality product. Toyota adopts an integrating strategy of cross-functional business through gradual improvement and continuous business activities. Product strategy: The product strategy of Toyota is based on rendering high quality fuel efficient cars through the employment of innovating technologies through intensive hard work and creativity (Kumar 2015). Research and development: Toyota is considered as one of the leader of automobiles industries through advanced research and development technology. Business strategies adopted by Toyota is aimed at developing intelligence responses in order to challenge the automobile industry by presumptuous responsibility for future generations. Designing fuel-efficient engines: Regarding the problems of pollution and emission Toyota intensively makes the use of technology to design its car engines which are less polluting. It is committed towards developing hybrid car engines by undertaking the combination of different source of power units. Toyota designs its engines, which are technologically more advanced which helps in achieving the business mission of green machine. Brand Positioning of Toyota: Toyota develops a strategy of product positioning strategy to influence their positioning in the automobile market. For example, Toyota and Lexus are other competing automobile brand that has different positioning strategies. A Toyota Camry and Lexus IS may be comparable in terms of shape and size but the two models is designed and marketed intensively to reach two different groups of consumer. Toyota positions its product by formulating positioning strategy by appealing its targeted groups of customers. Toyota has the better understanding of its competitors such as Nissan, Lexus etc by identifying their unique selling point, which helps in determining the differences in their product (Simons 2013). Hence, Toyota uses low cost strategy by focussing more on the superior designing and quality, which helps in differentiating its product from its competitors. Manufacturing budgets of Toyota: Manufacturing budgets of Toyota potentially consists of capital surplus, retained earnings and earnings generated from the current year surplus. In accordance with the going concern approach, a significant part of the regulatory budgets complies with the minimum requirement of Toyota for covering the risk. In addition to this, a budgeted profit is also taken into the consideration under the going concept for determining the manufacturing budgets of Toyota. To comply with the risk requirement Toyota takes into the account only a prudent budgeted profit to promote its sales. Figure 3 representing the budget cost of component in manufacturing of Toyota (Source Rothaermel 2015) Controlling: Monitoring control: Indentifying waste: According to Rothaermel (2015) there is always waste or residual left out whatever be the process of production Toyota believes in improving its technology through better monitoring of manufacturing process. Toyota continuously aims to improve the process through vital tools by bringing out enhanced product or services. Toyota monitors the activities of its organisation by analysing the activities of department that are directly connected with the manufacturing unit. Analysing the waste and discovering the root cause: For each of the waste that is identified Toyota discovers the root cause for such waste. If a machine in production unit constantly breaks down Toyota identifies the real problem by providing adequate training to the operators who do not use the machine properly. Tools implemented to reduce waste: Once Toyota identifies the waste monitoring process in the above stated stages it employs the tools of reducing the waste through using Just-in-time (Simons 2013). In order to minimise the use of stock and resources Toyota only purchases materials and makes effective utilisation of the available resources to help production run smoothly and efficiently. Such strategies reduce the possibilities of poor engine quality in future batches of cars. Implementing balanced scorecard: Attaining productivity in business has always been an important requirement for continuous growth and expansion. Managers and directors of Toyota are under the responsibilities of assuring the success of business operations though using balanced scorecard techniques, which enables them to achieve their goals throughout their production level. According to Okongwu et al. (2015) balanced scorecard can be defined as the strategic management techniques used for communicating and evaluating the mission and strategy of a business firm. Toyota balance scorecard is divided into four categories to measure the performance of the company which are as follows; Financial perspective: The financial prospect of Toyota aims to answer the queries of its shareholders. Financial measures of Toyota emphasises on the profitability related measures as its shareholders verifies the profit level of the investment undertaken by Toyota. Financial measurement covers up the areas of Toyotas return on investment, cash flow, net operating income and growth in earnings. Customers perspective: According to Keyes (2016) this aspects covers up the ability of Toyota to offer quality cars and engine services by attaining the overall satisfaction level of customers. Toyota believes that if the customers are not happy then they might not return. Therefore, customers satisfaction is of critical importance in achieving the companys financial goals defined under financial perspective of the balanced scorecard. Toyota focuses on increasing the customers retention through improved customer relationship by responding to complaints of customers. Internal business process: The internal business perspective of Toyota is based on the internal business results, which lead to financial success and satisfied customers. To recognise its organisational objectives and customers anticipations Toyota identifies the vital business process such as internal business management, which helps the organisation excel in international automobile market (Sainaghi, et al. 2015). Internal business process of Toyota consists of cost of services, cost of conformance, process innovation are some of the vital measures aimed at increasing the level of production capacity. Learning and growth perspective: This perspective of Toyota looks into the employee performance as how they grow and learn within the organisation. Such measures examine the employees level of expertise and knowledge in support of organisational objectives. Managers of Toyota also identify the vision and mission by sustaining the ability of the employers to sustain and improve (Black et al. 2014). Decision-making: International product strategy standardisation: Toyota automobile revealed its plans by stating that it aims to invest $1billion for setting up new plants in Mexico and another $440 million to add up a new manufacturing line in china. The company has revealed its expansion plans in three years by highlighting its strategy, which aims to put high importance in the U.S markets and also aims to take up more measurable step in china (Tjader et al. 2014). Toyota has formed ambitious goals of doubling its sales and production by 2 million cars in the upcoming years. On the other hand, Toyota is considering catching up its rivals in china by making large sum of investment in building an excessive production strategy. Finding and facts: Planning: Toyota has adopted intensive business strategy in order to succeed on selected market to develop its business. The product strategy of Toyota is based on rendering high quality fuel-efficient cars to its customers. Toyota is committed towards developing hybrid car engines by undertaking the combination of different source of power units. Controlling: Toyota believes in improving its technology through better monitoring of manufacturing process. Managers and directors of Toyota are under the responsibilities of assuring the success of business operations though using balanced scorecard techniques (Abdulrahman et al. 2015). Furthermore, Toyota takes into the account only a prudent budgeted profit to promote its sales. Decision-making: The decision-making aspects of Toyota motors are focussed towards expansion of units in other parts of world especially in china and Mexico. Toyota has formed ambitious goals of doubling its sales by building an excessive production strategy. Conclusion: To conclude with this report it is noteworthy to denote that Toyota is currently looking forward to expand its operations by expanding its capital base by attracting more investment in its shares. The main goals associated with Toyota are to achieve the overall performance and make a profit from its operations. Several scholars have suggested that high tech automobile firms like Toyota should standardise their products by improving the performance of the engines by making improved innovation on reducing the fuel consumption. It is suggested that automobiles firms like Toyota should contribute more towards society and communities under which it operates. Toyota should effectively contribute in corporate social responsibility in order benefit the society far beyond the activates of law. It is recommended that high tech automobile companies like Toyota should become more positive towards adding up high intangible worth to its products by introducing high-tech battery operated cars. This will help in reducing the dependence on fuel and will add more value to its brand. Reference list: Abdulrahman, M.D.A., Subramanian, N., Liu, C. and Shu, C., 2015. Viability of remanufacturing practice: a strategic decision making framework for Chinese auto-parts companies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 105, pp.311-323. Anderson, D.R., Sweeney, D.J., Williams, T.A., Camm, J.D. and Cochran, J.J., 2015. An introduction to management science: quantitative approaches to decision making. Cengage learning. Black, S., Washington, M. and Rasheed, H., 2014. Business Model Innovation and the Balanced Scorecard. Christopher, M., 2016. Logistics supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. Cusumano, M.A., 2013. The Japanese automobile industry: Technology and management at Nissan and Toyota (No. 122). Harvard University Press. De Backer, K. and Miroudot, S., 2014. Mapping global value chains. Diabat, A., Khodaverdi, R. and Olfat, L., 2013. An exploration of green supply chain practices and performances in an automotive industry. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 68(1-4), pp.949-961. Gereffi, G. and Sturgeon, T., 2013. 14 Global value chain-oriented industrial policy: the role of emerging economies. Global value chains in a changing world, p.329. Gibbons, R. and Kaplan, R.S., 2015. Formal Measures in Informal Management: Can a Balanced Scorecard Change a Culture?. Keyes, J., 2016. Implementing the IT balanced scorecard: Aligning IT with corporate strategy. CRC Press. Kilger, C., Reuter, B. and Stadtler, H., 2015. Collaborative planning. In Supply chain management and advanced planning (pp. 257-277). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Kumar, R., 2015. Impact of Promotional Activities, After Sale Services, Mileage and Resale Value on the Purchase Decision-A Consumer Behaviour Study in Automobile Industry. Journal of Commerce and Trade, 10(1), pp.86-95. Mitra, A., 2016. Fundamentals of quality control and improvement. John Wiley Sons. Nof, S.Y., Wilhelm, W. and Warnecke, H., 2012. Industrial assembly. Springer Science Business Media. Okongwu, U., Brulhart, F. and Moncef, B., 2015. Causal linkages between supply chain management practices and performance: a balanced scorecard strategy map perspective. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 26(5), pp.678-702. Petersen, J.A., Kushwaha, T. and Kumar, V., 2015. Marketing communication strategies and consumer financial decision making: The role of national culture. Journal of Marketing, 79(1), pp.44-63. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015. Strategic management. McGraw-Hill. Sainaghi, R., Phillips, P. and Corti, V., 2013. Measuring hotel performance: Using a balanced scorecard perspectives approach. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 34, pp.150-159. Simons, R., 2013. Levers of control: how managers use innovative control systems to drive strategic renewal. Harvard Business Press. Tjader, Y., May, J.H., Shang, J., Vargas, L.G. and Gao, N., 2014. Firm-level outsourcing decision making: A balanced scorecard-based analytic network process model. International Journal of Production Economics, 147, pp.614-623.

British Airways Cabin Crew Strikes

Question : A presentation covering the following points should be prepared: Provide a brief introduction to the organisation (it is acceptable to withhold the name of the organisation). 1. Describe the problem, as much as possible in terms of the observable or measurable symptoms it manifests, for example: employee unrest, frequent industrial action, high absenteeism, workplace bullying/harassment, low morale, loss of profit, sabotage etc. 2. The issue/problem should then be considered and analysed in terms of concepts/models/theories drawn from any two topics studied as part of this subject. To give some examples, your group may choose to adopt different negotiation tactics, change the existing recruitment and selection method, or re-design jobs, or arrange special training program and so on. Try to choose the topic that seems to offer the most useful insights into the problem. Topics must be taken from HRM course. 3. Design a change program or set of activities and procedures utilising some a spect or aspects of your analysis (actual action plan). The change program should beintended to solve or improve the situation. Answer : Introduction The British Airways (BA) is mainly comprised of British Airways Plc and other subsidiaries such as the British Airways Holidays Limited. At present, it is one of the leading airlines with a massive network across the globe. BA is catering to the needs of passengers and freight services in more than 72 countries through 149 destinations. The airlines carried up to 70 million passengers and almost 2000,000 tonnes of cargo. The UK based airline network recruits up to 85% of its employees from its own country. Details of the Cabin Crew Strike at British Airways An industrial dispute broke out in the spring of 2010 between the airlines and Unite. The latter is UK general union comprising more than two million members. Apart from the employers and employees, this dispute also involved political parties, media, government and the customers. Till today these strikes have been a concern for the company and is currently dealt by its management. An effective solution for the same has not been settled but the magnitude and occurrences of these strikes has reduced considerably. The review below shows an analysis of how the entire story started and how it has been going on till today. The British Airways has 13500 flight attendants out of which 12000 are Unite members. A whopping 81% of the cabin crew staff who were the members of Bassa, Unites cabin crew branch voted for industrial action. It occurred in February 2010 to oppose the proposed staffing cuts and change of working conditions. This entails a former ballot towards the end of 2009 that advocated 12 days of strike action. It was challenged by BA in the high court that granted the request for an injunction against this strike. It was based on a balloting error that violated the Trade Union Act of 1992 (The Guardian 2014). The mentioned ballot was basically a reply to the unilateral decision of the airline in reducing cabin crew by one person on long haul flights. It was to lower down costs based on a last year pre tax loss of 401 million. Unite replied to cabin crew with the claim that such ruling marks that extent to which law is used against the interests of the working population. It shows how a determined employer with limitless resources frustrates your actual right by withdrawing labour at the last moment in an effort to make sure your voice is heard. Despite large scale negotiations, no further progress touched the ballot in Feb 2010 for resolving such disputes (The guardian 2010). Analysing the key issues and fallout of the strike During March 2010, seven days of strike action occurred during two different occasions. The airline responded by taking a number of steps. Firstly, it withdrew the perks of discounted travel for air stewards that were a substantial benefit. Secondly, cabin crew from different airlines, used volunteer crew and chartered jet were borrowed. Some of BA pilots substituted for the striking cabin crew. After such actions, BA reported of the bill likely to be 45 due to the strike action. There also reports of carrying up to almost 400,000 less passengers compared to a year ago during same period which shows a decline of 15%. Another airline Ryanair reported a rise of 23%. BA hired planes and crew staff from rivals for operating 79% of long haul flight schedule and 58% of short haul trips during the seven days strike period (BBC 2011). The main cause of the dispute is related to the managements efforts in lowering the operating costs. It is due to fall in demand, rising competition and increasing non labour charges such as fuel prices. Labour costs form a major cost in the airline industry and is one of the key reasons for making profit. The cabin crew forms the biggest part of the workforce. For lowering the cabin crew costs by up to 140 m annually, BA management suggests on employing newer crew on minimal favourable terms and conditions. Theyll be on a separate fleet freed from costly and unaccommodating demarcation lying between cabin crew hired for short haul and long haul services. Reportedly, Unite grew insecure that new workers would be excluded from collective bargaining with existing employers. Thus, the workforce could be divided despite the permission to join the union. Theyve also suspected the new workforce of facilitating the integration of low paid workers, work intensification. There was also an insecurity that new fleet is a plan to occupy the best profitable routes for marginalizing existing workforce (Afed 2010). Even though these plans could be significant for workers, Unite wont participate in discussions on new fleet suggestions. This is due to fears of pre emptive strike likely to be inducted and serve a basis for legal action by the airline. BA also made further proposals for cutting down the operation costs. It includes doing away with seniority mechanism of promotion and reshuffle of cabin crew functionality. They also have plans to bring payment structure in line with their competitors who as per reports pay cabin crew less than BA (Eprints 2011). The claims and counter claims on the result of the strike action stood as a distinctive feature of the dispute. For example, BA had claims of support weakening for supposed industrial action. It was based on their observation that during the second of these two strikes, more of the cabin crew was busy working and more flights were also operating. Chief Executive of BA, Willie Walsh claimed that the airline had over 60,000 passengers across 470 flights on Saturday during the second strike. On previous Saturday, the numbers were 43,000 on 350 flights. Len McCluskey responded to such claims marking them a grand con trick of British Airways. He further said that BA is making these claims after spending millions of pounds bay dumping passengers on other carriers. Passengers expecting to go on their trustworthy BA airline will be transferred to carriers theyve probably never heard of. Theyll be serviced by a group of low graded pilots and managers pretending to be a crew. BA inflicts a trash on its brand in its desperation to divide the workforce, expressed McCluskey (Constant Contact 2011). The media has played a role here in structuring mass opinion. It has acted as an outlet where these claims and leaks of confidential information were pitched to solidify the position of respective parties. This strike also received the attention from the political quarters. It took place in a run to a general election in UK where Conservative Party chief David Cameroon attempted to gain political mileage. He expressed that PM Gordon Brown has displayed a weak point in his attitude to deal with a dispute. It is a failure to come in the aid of the non strikers and supporting the unions (WSWS 2010). Brown responded by calling the strike as deplorable and unjustifiable. He observed it not in the interest of the masses and urged to call off proposed strike action. As per some reports, the government was also afraid of the political consequences springing from this industrial action and their impact on election results. This was particularly with reference to the climate of rising unemployment .The vulnerability of job losses was clouding the public sector during the subsequent months. Due to these conditions, Brown had been reportedly desperate in his attempts to settle the dispute. An intriguing build up to the dispute was the claims of certain commentators. They said that the plans of the airlines management in terms of second fleet, responding to strike and approach to further negotiations lead to a planned effort to divide Unite by macho management. It was seeking to dissolve the strength of the union which has been a feature of fraught history of industrial relations in BA (Reuters 2010). BA was particularly accused of being forcefully intervening in their refusal to restore pre-strike peace offer. Unite said that it could have been forming the basis of a deal to finish the dispute but they provided a worse offer in order to regain the money lost in dispute by the new revised deal. According to BA, these claims are unacceptable. They are of the belief that Unite and their cabin crew branches had many opportunities to reach an agreement on cost reducing programme. Unnecessarily, theyve opted to pursue strike actions, said BA. Unite floated warnings that the clash was watering the seed of a lengthy internal conflict in British Airways. After the settlement of the recent dispute, Unite expressed that a sense of mistrust and ill feeling will penetrate within the management, their members and within the employees. Similarly, it will also take place between the strikers and the ones who decided to pass the picket lines. This will also not spare the pilots who were filling in as the cabin crew during the industrial strike (Daily Mail 2010). Change Program or a set of activities to fight the Cabin Crew dispute In order to deal with this problem, the management has deployed several policies and underwent through various changes as per mutual agreed standards between the management and the cabin crew members. In order to ensure that the company does not get into similar problems in future, some of the possible recommendations to be abided by would include: Involve Cabin Crew in the decision making process: Management of British Airways has many a times been criticized for their rigid stand against the policies and implementation of changes without the consent of their employees. In order to ensure that they do not face stiff opposition to any changes which they wish to implement within the organization, the airline would need to take the cabin crew on board. Giving importance to the cabin crew and getting them in confidence for the decisions the management proposes would be very important (Socialist Party 2010). Empathy: British Airways would need its management to consider the qualities which make great executives and have the characteristics of being aggressive, tenacious personality which can create resolutions to all the labour disputes. It would need to create an environment where the cabin crew members are given the confidence that the management cares for their causes and addresses them with prime importance. Empathy can serve as a great touch for preventing strikes and the trained mediators would serve the organization well. Conclusion After evaluating the case of British Airways and the cabin crew strikes which had been a concern for the airline for many years now, it is well understandable that labour relations are a critical element for profitability of an organization. If organizations do not pay heeds to worker interest and try to enforce their decisions, it is more than likely to impact their progress and business efficiency. Further, British Airways seems to have responded in a stronger manner and has better measures in place today. The rate of such unrest have been brought down to the minimum and the company is constantly working on ensuring that such situations do not arise again. References The Guardian 2014, British Airways Strike Action Threat Pay Claim, retrieved on 13th January 2015 from https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jun/22/british-airways-strike-action-threat-pay-claim-ba The guardian 2010, British Airways Cabin Crew Strike, retrieved on 13th January 2015 from https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/mar/20/british-airways-cabin-crew-strike BBC 2011, British Airways cabin crew vote to strike again, retrieved on 13th January 2015 from https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12882499 Afed 2010, BA Cabin Crew Strike Again, retrieved on 13th January 2015 from https://www.afed.org.uk/res/resist123.pdf Eprints 2011, Creating a Sustainable Work Environment in British Airways: Implications of the 2010 Cabin Crew Dispute retrieved on 13th January 2015 from https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6144/1/Upchurc-Creating_a_Sustainable_Work_Environment_in_British_AirwaysFINAL.pdf Constant Contact 2011, Working Together A Joint Settlement Between British Airways and Unite the Union, retrieved on 13th January 2015 from https://library.constantcontact.com/download/get/file/1103933565912-9/Final+Joint+Agreed+Settlement+Stoke+Place+110511.pdf WSWS 2010, High court outlaws strike at British Airways, retrieved on 13th January 2015 from https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2010/05/brit-m19.html Reuters 2010, British Airways battles cabin crew strike, retrieved on 13th January 2015 from https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/03/20/us-ba-strike-idUSTRE62J01E20100320 Daily Mail 2010, BA suspends union militants for Facebook and email 'intimidation' of strike-breaking pilots, retrieved on 13th January 2015 from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1250377/BA-suspends-union-militants-strike-intimidation.html Socialist Party 2010, The truth behind the British Airways cabin crew strike, retrieved on 13th January 2015 from https://www.socialistparty.org.uk/articles/9006/12-03-2010/the-truth-behind-the-british-airways-cabin-crew-strike